Peru, located in South America, is a country rich in history and geographical diversity, ranging from coastal deserts to the Amazon rainforest. Once the heart of the Inca Empire, it was colonized by the Spanish in the 16th century and gained independence in 1821. Today, the country faces political challenges including governmental instability due to recurring corruption scandals, persistent economic inequalities, and critical environmental issues such as the protection of Amazon biodiversity. Despite these challenges, Peru is known for its vibrant culture, renowned cuisine, and prestigious archaeological sites like Machu Picchu.